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Once regarded as relatively harmless, marijuana is now discovered to be among the most dangerous of drugs. A distinguished psychiatrist explains why.

By D. Harvey Powelson, M.D.

Legalize Pot. That was the headline in the Daily Californian, our campus newspaper, on April 12, 1967. "Marijuana is harmless," the article quoted me as saying. "There is no evidence that it does anything except make people feel good. It has never made anyone into a criminal or a narcotics addict. It should be legalized."

At the time I made those remarks, I was chief of the Department of Psychiatry in the Student Health Center at the University of California, Berkeley, and deeply involved in the debate over hallucinogens and "mind-expanding" drugs. LSD and mescaline, I thought we very dangerous. But marijuana was different. I had tried it myself two times-once in the 1950s and again in the early 1960s-without noticing any ill effects. I had read the medical literature which, although sparse and out of date, indicated that it was non-addictive and produced no harmful effects.

Within five years I knew I was totally wrong. What caused me to change my mind? It was the consequence of observing some 200 students whom I counseled.

"I Can Trust Everybody." The catalyst was a 24-year-old student named Mike whom my wife Joan, a psychiatric social worker, and I treated privately. Mike was a bright and agile young man who was getting his law degree and Ph.D. simultaneously, and was working toward his pilot's license. He had just begun using grass that year. I'd known Mike previously, but now he wanted to see me professionally.

He told us that he had come to realize that he had only acquaintances and no friends. In therapy sessions, we noted that Mike's thinking often became cloudy and unreal. At such times he was certain, however, that his thinking was more insightful and clearer than ever.

"I feel like everyone is my friend," he observed one day.

"Do you mean criminals are your friends? Can you trust everybody?"

"Yeah, I can trust everybody," Mike said.

One afternoon, as we were walking back to our house, Joan was thinking out loud about our session with him. I said, "It sounds like organic brain damage.""He was at a pot party three days ago," Joan mused. It seemed unikely that there was a connection.

At that time, there was no medical evidence that marijuana affected, or remained in, the brain; but after more observation it became clear to us that the times Mike had the most trouble thinking clearly was always followed the times he had smoked marijuana or hashish (a more concentrated form of marijuana). We told Mike we thought there was a connection, and asked him to stop smoking marijuana, as an experiment. It was obvious that such an experiment would not hurt him, yet his reaction was hostile; he was not going to stop.

As he became more involved with marijuana, both his gullibility with others and his hostile suspiciousness of us were aggravated with each use of pot. Meanwhile, he was having trouble concentrating on his studies and couldn't finish his work. Six months later, Mike was piloting a small plane which crashed, killing him and two companions.

Unpredictable Symptoms. An inability to think logically, a tendency to speak in cliches and generalities, a temporary loss of memory and a growing paranoia-these were the symptoms Mike had displayed after using marijuana. Would we find them in other patients as well? It didn't take us long to conclude that there was a definite correlation. The patients who used pot told us that it heightened their "awareness" of particular experiences and made them feel mellow and peaceful, with real insights about the world. These self-observations were simply not true. They were part of what we have come to recognize as the marijuana illusion.

What they didn't tell us-because they didn't know-was that even small amounts of marijuana interfered with the sense of time and with memory storage. They didn't realize that they were becoming less adequate in areas where judgement, clarity, memory and reasoning are necessary. They couldn't see that their own pathological forms of thinking were becoming more entrenched and that they were becoming paranoid. Heavy users lost their will to do anything sustained, and all users became vulnerable to the lures of easy solutions to personal and societal problems. For many, the search for highs meant other hard drugs.

John, a young graduate student, was typical of many patients who used marijuana every day. He couldn't sleep regular hours and had trouble concentrating. He spoke in all the current cliches and was unable to focus his attention. He had followed me out of a lecture where I had talked about marijuana. He came to see us regularly to argue about pot. It was a year before he gave it up. But the effects of smoking so much marijuana over so long a period remained. Even today, John has to consciously focus his attention before he can do what other people do spontaneously.

A sensitive coed named Helen told us that she smoked "only" two or three joints a month. But every time she lit up, she heard voices. On several occasions she had to be hospitalized. After months of treatment she regained self-control, but every time she shared a joint, she began to have her old symptoms. Her reaction-disturbing because it was so extreme-was not typical. But it served as a needed reminder that, with marijuana, as with all mind-altering drugs, it is impossible to predict the effects on users.

Tom, a college graduate, was drafted into the Army, but got out by pretending to be crazy. He came to us wondering if indeed it had been an act. He had used so much marijuana that he didn't know. Like all marijuana users, he was totally unable to evaluate a person's character. Normally shy and reserved, Tom had become promiscuous, and was constantly involved with emotionally disturbed women. In the process of therapy he learned for himself that he could not smoke dope. The withdrawal process lasted two years, but today he is totally involved in running his own flourishing business.

The Most Dangerous Drug. The chronic heavy use of marijuana, we found, leads to a deterioration of bodily functions that is difficult, sometimes impossible, to reverse. Heavy pot smokers lose their normal appetite. They have trouble sleeping regular hours. They can become sexually impotent.

Even more serious is the seemingly permanent loss of mental ability. Consider the case of Steve, an athletic young junior faculty member who had earned a degree in mathematics and then gone on to take graduate work in philosophy. Soon after he started the daily use of hashish, he dropped out of school and did nothing for 18 months. When he discovered that the drug affected his athletic timing, he gave it up and returned to Berkeley to study for his Ph.D. But the effects remained. He told me that he could no longer handle mathematics at his prior level. He simply couldn't follow the arguments anymore. Today, three and a half years later, he still cannot. He is convinced that the change is permanent and was drug-induced.

By the spring of 1970, I had seen more than 1000 patients, both in consultation and in therapy sessions. I could no longer avoid the conclusion that my first opinion of pot was wrong, and publicly said so. Subsequently, medical-research groups, after a generation of neglect, began to attribute long range ill effects to the use of pot. As a result of these findings and my own, I now believe that marijuana is the most dangerous drug we have to contend with today for these reasons:

*Its early use is beguiling. Pot smokers are so enraptured by the illusion of warm feeling that they are unable to sense the deterioration of their own mental and physiological processes.

*Its continued use leads to delusional thinking. And along with the delusions comes the strong need to seduce others into using drugs. I have rarely seen a regular marijuana user who didn't actively attempt to influence friends to use the drug.

Across the country, state legislatures are considering proposals to legalize marijuana. This is a mistake. Legislators and parents should realize there is no argument for marijuana. Rationalizations such as "society is sick," "everybody else does it," "the laws are hypocritical," "it's no worse than alcohol, tobacco, etc.," are smoke screens. Responsible parents, teachers and clergy need all the help they can get. At present, the backup of the law is all the help there is. The law should remain on the books and be enforced.

Once we legalize marijuana or remove penalties for its use or possession, hundreds of thousands of young people who have refrained from using it will be tempted to experiment. And many of them will suffer serious consequences.

New Findings About Marijuana.

Dr. Olav J. Braenden, director of United Nations Narcotics Laboratory, testified before the U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee in September 1972: "Among the scientists working in the field, it would seem that there is a general consensus that cannabis {gemeric term for both hashish and marijuana} is dangerous. Opinions differ, however, on the degree of the danger to the individual and to society. In my opinion, it seems that, as progressively more scientific facts are discovered about cannabis, the more one becomes aware of its potential dangers."

Detailed studies have produced report after report linking pot to:

*Damage to cells. After examining long term pot smokers in New York City, Dr. Gabriel G. Nahas and his colleagues at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center have found evidence that marijuana's chief ingredient, THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), as well as other substances in the plant which were thought to be without danger, interfere with the body's production of DNA. This is the genetic material that causes cell division and determines hereditary characteristics. In slowing down the vital DNA process, marijuana weakens the body's immunity to disease by inhibiting the production of virus-fighting white blood cells. This damaging effect of marijuana on the immunity system has been confirmed by three other independent groups of research scientists at Indiana University, the Medical College of Virginia and St. Luke's Medical Center in New York City. Heavy marijuana smokers produced 41 percent fewer immune cells-the T-lymphocytes-than non-users. "Marijuana is a harmful substance, Dr. Nahas concludes. "It is not a mild, mind-expanding herb. I deplore efforts to make it socially acceptable or readily available."

*Damaged chromosomes. In a 1973 experiment at the University of Utah College of Medicine, Dr. Morton A. Stenchever and two associates compared pot smokers with non-smokers and discovered that more than 60 percent of the marijuana users developed "a significant increase in chromosome breaks." Users averaged 3-4 breaks per 100 white blood cells; non-users averaged only 1-2. "The magnitude of the problem could be overwhelming," Dr. Stenchever has written, "when one considers the number of young people using this drug. The priority assigned to such studies should be the highest possible."

*Male sterility. At the Reproductive Biology Research Foundation in St. Louis, Dr. Robert C. Kolodny has found the levels of testosterone, the principal male sex hormone, in men smoking marijuana at least four times a week to be 44 percent lower than in non-smokers. And 35 percent of the users had reduced sperm counts-enough in several cases to render them sterile.

*Increased risks of cancer. Medical research now supports the view that marijuana and hashish smoke may bring about cancerous alterations in tissues as does tobacco smoke. Dr. Forest S. Tennant, Jr., who headed the U.S. Army's drug program in Europe from 1968 until 1972, reported that he found in hashish smokers in their teens and early 20s, a type of acute bronchitis, and tissue changes in lung biopsies, that are associated with patients who had smoked cigarettes for years. "The abnormalities," said Dr. Tennant, "were the same that are associated with lung cancer."